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Bowled Over — Michael Oriard (Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era) …


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Michael Oriard, author of Bowled Over: Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era, offers an insider’s perspective on the evolution of college football.

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…..item 1)……website…University of North Carolina Press….http://www.uncpress.unc.edu

www.uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/612

Michael Oriard, author of Bowled Over: Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era, offers an insider’s perspective on the evolution of college football.

**** Q: How did your experience as an All-American at Notre Dame during the period of social change you write about in Bowled Over influence your perspective?

—– A: My own experience playing football at Notre Dame in the 1960s is a touchstone in numerous ways for how I think about college football’s subsequent history and the game today. I was extremely fortunate, a beneficiary of a system that anyone who follows the sport knows does not benefit everyone. As a walk-on, I arrived in college with education as my top priority; my Notre Dame football career then worked out in almost fairytale fashion, but without ever challenging that fundamental priority. I know that my experience was not typical for my generation, but neither was it unique. (Believing one or the other is dangerous in writing from personal experience.) I played with teammates who arrived with scholarships and much greater expectations from the sport, but they were also students (the starting offensive line on which I played in 1968 had an average GPA of 3.4). As I have followed college football in recent decades, at my own university and around the country through the media, I have come to doubt that the kind of academic experience that was available to all of us, if we chose it, is even available today.

My experience thus brings home to me how the pressures on "student-athletes" and their time commitments in big-time college football have increased since I played, and not to the benefit of the "student" in the "student-athlete." My experience also makes me aware of how much more commercialized the game has become since the 1960s, how much more money flows in and out of the sport, again not to the benefit of the young men who play. In these and many other ways, my experience shapes my view of how the "system" of big-time football has changed, but at the same time it keeps me from forgetting that football players are individual people, like myself and my teammates forty years ago, not the one-dimensional figures in the headlines denouncing the latest scandal. Football players have been stereotyped, in both positive and negative ways, for decades, and my experience prevents me from believing the stereotypes. It does not enable me to know exactly what it’s like to play big-time college football today; rather, it keeps me from assuming that I can know on the basis of what I read or see on television.

Having played (and come of age) in an era of extraordinary social change also keeps me from subscribing to the stereotyped views of the politics of the 1960s and of the politics of football. More on that below.

**** Q: The subtitle of Bowled Over is Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era. For those who don’t know, what is the BCS era?

—- A: The BCS (or Bowl Championship Series) was created in 1998 supposedly as an arrangement for determining a national champion in Division I-A college football. What the BCS did, more importantly, was increase enormously the payouts from the major bowls and assure that the overwhelming bulk of bowl revenue would go to the major conferences and top independent programs. The "BCS era," then, simply refers to big-time college football since 1998, but it is also the latest stage in widening the gap between a superelite of football programs generating tens of millions of dollars in revenue and all of the rest.

**** Q: Is there a fundamental contradiction that lies at the heart of big-time college football?

—- A: Yes. Everyone who follows college football knows that the sport is a highly commercialized popular entertainment sponsored by institutions of higher education, and knows that there is considerable conflict between those two aspects. Recognizing that this "conflict" is in fact a "contradiction" emphasizes not just the incompatibility of the commercial and academic objectives, but also the fact that the commercialization continuously undermines academic priorities. The consequences of this contradiction have become increasingly acute, but we have been living with it for more than a century. Football began in the 1870s as an extracurricular activity at a handful of elite universities in the Northeast, with no interest (or knowledge of the game) beyond those campuses. By the early 1890s, the championship game on Thanksgiving in New York was drawing 40,000 spectators and newspaper coverage in every part of the country was spreading the game with astonishing rapidity. Once university leaders realized that they could gain more publicity from their football team on one Saturday afternoon than from their academic programs over the course of a year, they embraced the contradiction of an extracurricular activity operating as a highly-commercialized popular entertainment. And they have been trying to manage this contradiction every since.

**** Q: You challenge the conventional wisdom that associates college football and football players with a "jock" mentality that is socially conservative, clean-cut, and anti-radical. Can you give some examples that support this more complicated view?

—- A: The stereotype of the conservative, clean-cut, anti-radical "jock" suffered a severe blow in the late 1960s, when football players at dozens of programs staged various kinds of protests against their coaches and universities. More often than not the players were black, and their actions were part of a much broader movement in which African Americans refused to continue living in the U. S. as second-class citizens. But white players, too, responded to the political and cultural turmoil of the times. Outside the world of football, the Vietnam War and the draft hovered over all of us and, along with the Civil Rights movement, forced us to make political choices. Within the world of football, players politicized by national and world events became less likely to acquiesce automatically to the dictates of that ultimate authority figure, the coach. A handful of players became famous as rebels: Dave Meggysey quit the NFL and wrote a scathing indictment of football at both the college and professional levels; Chip Oliver quit the Oakland Raiders, joined a commune, and wrote a book about it; George Sauer quit the New York Jets because he felt that football was dehumanizing. More generally, college football players were college students, too, facing the draft and the national turmoil like everyone else. Whether football players in general were more conservative than the rest of the student body, I don’t know, but I do know that the players were individuals grappling with the issues of the day in our own consciences, not through a collective identity of political conservatism.

**** Q: What was the legacy of the social and political protests of the 1960s, particularly protests against the Vietnam War and against racial bigotry, on college football?

—- A: For college football, the legacy of the 1960s was a loosening of the coach’s authority over players’ lives off the field and over incidental matters such as personal grooming (hair length, facial hair) that once seemed vitally important to team "discipline." More significantly, the end of segregated football in the South and the dramatic expansion of racial integration in the North racially transformed the game on the field while also forcing white coaches to understand that not all of their athletes came from the same social world. To some degree, coaches had to deal more directly with their players as people as well as athletes. White coaches also had to hire black assistants who could relate to their black players, breaking down another racial barrier (that has not yet been fully removed).

Creating more opportunities for black players, however, also created more possibilities for exploiting black players’ athletic talents. Academic scandals became a routine part of big-time college football by the 1980s. And coaches’ ultimate power was not actually reduced because they controlled the football careers of athletes hoping to cash in on the dramatically increasing salaries of the National Football League.

**** Q: You mention several U.S. presidents who were football fans, and one in particular, Richard Nixon, who became known as the "Chief Jock." How do you account for Nixon’s passionate and at times inappropriate involvement with the game?

—- A: Nixon was routinely identified as a former "scrub" football player at Whittier College, and he was genuinely a fan throughout his adult life. But in the late 1960s, he seems also to have consciously used his passion for football as a way to connect to ordinary Americans, the "Silent Majority" opposed to the counterculture and political radicalism of the time. He also pushed the metaphorical identification of politics with football to new extremes, to the extent that some commentators wondered if the connection went beyond metaphor, and that Nixon viewed politics and governing as competitions no more complicated than football games in which the sole object is to win at whatever cost. Nixon’s open love for football sometimes seemed merely quirky (as when he recommended a play to the Redskins’ coach, George Allen, which lost 13 yards in a 1971 NFL playoff game), but his seeming to confuse politics with football on other occasions seemed possibly dangerous.

***** Q: How did the integration of college football differ in the north than in the south?

—- A: None of the major conferences in the South (the Atlantic Coast, the Southeastern, and the Southwest) had integrated football teams as the 1960s opened, and the last southern teams did not integrate until 1972. Because football in the South was a hugely important symbol of southern manhood and southern culture, integration meant a major readjustment. Yet no headline-grabbing racial "incidents" disrupted the integration of southern football (until 1972, when Georgia Tech’s black quarterback Eddie McAshan was suspended). The actual experiences of the black pioneers were often painful and difficult, but no one reported this at the time. The relative silence of the southern press during this momentous transformation is one of the most intriguing aspects of the events.

A racial revolution took place in the North as well in the 1960s, but of a very different kind — as noisy as the South’s revolution was quiet. Dozens of teams experienced protests by black players over playing time, treatment by coaches, the absence of black assistants, and the range of issues of concern to black college students generally. Some of these protests were addressed more or less quietly, behind the scenes, but several of them — including ones in major programs such as Oregon State, Iowa, Wyoming, Indiana, Washington, and Syracuse — convulsed the entire university and community.

**** Q: What are the origins of the one-year athletic scholarship and how has it affected NCAA football?

—- A: The one-year scholarship, renewal at the coach’s discretion (as opposed to the four- or five-year guaranteed scholarship), was established at the 1973 NCAA convention so quietly that the public paid little attention, and most fans likely did not even realize that it happened. The rationale was economics — saving money — and it also addressed a long-standing desire among coaches to have more control over their athletes. (Before 1967 a scholarship athlete could even quit his sport without surrendering his scholarship.) But coincidentally, the institution of the one-year scholarship also closely followed the years of athletic protest (NCAA legislation in 1969 openly addressed this rebelliousness). The one-year scholarship, which transformed "student-athletes" into athlete-students — making the athlete accountable to his coach, not his professors, for the continuation of his financial aid — seems to have been motivated at least in part as a response to the student radicalism and racial upheavals of the late 1960s. The Law of Unintended Consequences is painfully evident here as athletes have had no choice but to accept the increasing time commitments demanded for their sport.

**** Q: In 1973 the NCAA divided its membership into three divisions or levels. Why did this come about, and what has been its legacy?

—- A: The division of the NCAA into Divisions I, II, and III was the last piece of legislation — along with making freshmen eligible for varsity competition, lowering admission standards, and instituting the one-year scholarship — that transformed college football in 1972-73. The creation of divisions was the first major attempt by the NCAA to address the desire of the big-time football schools to set their own rules (and to claim for themselves the revenues that they alone generated). Creating three divisions was not enough, and it was followed by the creation of the College Football Association, the separation of Division I-A from I-AA and I-AAA, and ultimately the Bowl Championship Series, in each case consolidating more autonomy and revenue for the football elite.

**** Q: In 1983 the NCAA reformed its earlier "reforms" by attempting to reassert academic standards for college athletes. What were the consequences of these reforms?

—- A: The need for reforms was brought about by a series of highly-publicized academic scandals that followed inevitably from the transformation of college football at the NCAA conventions in 1972 and 1973 (freshmen eligibility, looser admission standards, the one-year scholarship). Reform of some kind was indisputably needed, and the actual reforms (raising the admission requirements for football eligibility) were applauded by many, but they also were attacked as "racist" for disproportionately affecting African American athletes and for relying too heavily on the culturally-biased Scholastic Aptitude Test. More fundamentally in my view, the efforts for academic reform have been continuously undermined by an unending pursuit of more and more revenue. Efforts to assure that "student-athletes" graduate (and perhaps receive a real education along the way) confront the increasing demands on their time and energy on the football field as the financial stakes have been constantly raised.

**** Q: The role (and salary) of football coaches changed dramatically in the 1990s. How has that change affected college players?

—- A: I had no idea how much money my college coach, Ara Parseghian, made. Today, it would be almost impossible for a Division I-A (Football Bowl Subdivision) football player not to know how much his coach makes. The average salary in the top division now exceeds million with the highest-paid coaches taking in more than million. As this has happened, the players have not received a "raise" since athletic scholarships were first established in the 1950s. A scholarship is worth more in dollars, but it pays for the same tuition, room, and board that it paid for when I played (with possibilities for a little extra spending money for the truly needy). Football players today are more aware than players in my day that college football is a "business," that playing football is their "job," and that they are generating millions in revenue in which they are not allowed to share.

**** Q: How has the NCAA tried to adapt to or work around Title IX legislation, which prohibits sexual discrimination at any federally funded educational institution?

—- A: Football has always been the chief antagonist to Title IX because of the size of the roster (making it extremely difficult to create teams with a matching number of female athletes) and because of its privileged place in the athletic department and its huge revenues and expenditures in contrast to other sports. As men’s programs in the "non-revenue" sports have been dropped to balance the number of male and female athletes, proponents of Title IX have blamed football for its bloated rosters and budgets, while proponents of football have insisted that their sport must be protected because it serves a unique function in marketing the university (and at some schools in generating revenues that fund other sports). After initial resistance, the NCAA embraced Title IX (whether because it was politically necessary or the right thing to do), but has continued to shield football from the kind of roster-paring and cost-cutting that proponents of Title IX have called for. What’s most interesting to me in the conflict between big-time football and Title IX is how it highlights the difference between college sport viewed as an opportunity for young men and women to participate in a meaningful educational opportunity outside the classroom and the view of college sport as a marketing tool for the university. Except when the issue is Title IX, NCAA leaders always insist that playing football enhances the student-athlete’s education.

**** Q: Is anything being done to reform college football today? What are your suggestions for reform?

—- A: The NCAA under the leadership of Myles Brand has embarked on a two-part reform agenda. The academic agenda is focused on the Academic Progress Rate (APR) which assigns points based on the student-athletes’ progress toward graduation and imposes real penalties for failing to meet a minimum overall score. The economic agenda asks institutions to reign in spending before the perennial deficits facing most athletic departments spiral out of control. The academic requirements are mandatory, while sound economic practices are voluntary; this is the best that the NCAA can do. (Economic policies can only be voluntary because any attempt by the NCAA to curb spending, including coaches’ salaries, risks an antitrust lawsuit.) In addition, the economic recommendations are concerned only with spending, not with constantly ratcheting up the commercialization of the sport. This two-part agenda does not resolve the fundamental contradiction.

As the financial stakes keep rising, and thus the pressure on the "student-athletes" as athletes, I do not see how anyone can believe that education is the highest institutional priority for these athletes. The APR might have some positive benefits, but I’m frankly not overly hopeful (and one unintended consequence of the APR is to push athletes into easy majors irrespective of the athletes’ interests). As for my suggestions for reform, there is no lack of proposals available from organizations such as the Knight Commission, the Coalition on Intercollegiate Athletics, and the Drake Group. But again I’m not very hopeful that meaningful reforms are truly possible without addressing the fundamental contradiction between athletic and academic priorities. I cannot imagine the NCAA doing this. And the stakes are simply too high for university leaders to risk doing this for their own institutions. (Tulane and Rice nearly dropped big-time football in recent years, but backed down under pressure from alumni and boosters.)

Rather than trying to determine the most meaningful specific suggestions for reform (such as making freshmen ineligible for varsity competition, as they were before 1972), I would like to see universities cut through the contradiction by making good on one of its two sides: either acknowledge that "student-athletes" are really athletes first and then compensate them properly and help them prepare for the NFL (as we prepare students for other professions), or declare that we truly do want them to be students first and then make it possible for them not only to graduate but also to receive the full education and college experience available to other students. What specific reforms would be required in each scenario would have to follow from a commitment to one or the other of the basic principles.

But again, I cannot imagine either the NCAA or individual universities’ leaders actually making this decision. Football was not incidental to the development of American higher education over the course of the twentieth century but integral to it. Whether football still serves a necessary function for American universities is not at all clear, and the potential risks from radical change are too great (as the presidents of Rice and Tulane discovered).

I do expect big-time college football to be radically changed in the not-too-distant future, but I expect the impetus for change to come from without rather than within: from a Congressional subcommittee that takes away the sport’s tax-exempt status, or from a court where the NCAA loses a major "athletes’-rights" case, or from a meeting of TV executives and representatives from the football superpowers or major conferences who decide that small-market teams are no longer profitable. The have-nots in college football are already struggling to survive alongside the haves. Yet another realignment seems inevitable, and those who drop from the company of the elite may find themselves in a position where they have to do things differently. If (when) that happens, it may well prove to be not at all a bad thing.

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This interview may be reprinted in part or in its entirety with the following credit:
A conversation with Michael Oriard, author of Bowled Over: Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era (University of North Carolina Press, November 2009).

The text of this interview is available here.

CONTACTS
Publicity: Gina Mahalek, 919-962-0581
gina_mahalek@unc.edu
Sales: Michael Donatelli, 919-962-0475
michael_donatelli@unc.edu
Rights: Vicky Wells, 919-962-0369
vicky_wells@unc.edu

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Zeitgeist Addendum

Zeitgeist: Addendum by Peter Joseph. Entire movie Sharing this movie is encouraged. Obtain from www.zeitgeistmovie.com

Video Ranking: 2 / five

Prerequisites for a major in physics?

Question by Michael: Prerequisites for a major in physics?
So, according to the information on the page below, I can see a nice long list of requirements for a major in physics.

http://www.washington.edu/students/gencat/academic/phys.html

However, what I’m worried about, is the comment:

“These physics and mathematics courses are required prerequisites for junior-level work in physics, not only at the UW, but also at most colleges and universities in the United States. Students who do not complete them during the first two years in college will either need to take more than four years to earn a degree or will be limited to a minimal course of study for graduation in four years.”

Does this mean the first two years of college in general, or the first two years after transfer (after the first 2 years for an AA)? It seems a little unfair if its the first two years in general, since those classes (any 230+ or 300-400 PHYS) aren’t even accessible at a community college. In fact, I’ve taken several engineering courses since there’s no physics courses available besides the PHYS 221, 222, and 223 courses. I’ll have all the math courses, plus some extra by the time I transfer.

Could someone please tell me where they would expect an incoming junior, transferring from a community college, to be at academically?

Thanks,

Best answer:

Answer by Arbitrary Person
They expect you to transfer earlier so that you are on track.

Give your answer to this question below!

New Online Consortium Combines Community Colleges, Research University and Private University to Deliver AA, BA, MBA Degrees

New Online Consortium Combines Community Colleges, Research University and Private University to Deliver AA, BA, MBA Degrees

(PRWEB) March 12, 2003

A new online educational consortium consisting of community colleges, a research university and a private university make it possible to get a degree from respected and accredited institutions without ever leaving your home. The Edlearn Consortium consists of seven Seattle area community colleges and two universities based in Washington State. This innovative structure allows students to move seamlessly from an Associate Degree to a Bachelor Degree, and on to a MasterÂ?s degree using a single online portal and point of contact: http://www.edlearn.org.

The student chooses a degree or certificate program and designates a Â?home campusÂ?. Students access library, advising, and other online student services generally from their home campus; but also have access to the consortiumÂ?s Â?concierge advisorÂ?, whose sole purpose is to assist the student in navigating concurrent registration at multiple institutions. Students are required to take the English and math requirements of their program from their home campus, can select other courses from across the consortium.    

The Consortium provides advantages for both students and the member institutions. First, from the studentÂ?s perspective, the consortiumÂ?s prices are extremely competitive because most of the members are public colleges. Second, students can start (or finish) their program online and travel to the member college to complete it, or finish the entire degree online. Third, consortia in general provide for a much wider range of courses and have arrangements between member colleges that encourage credit transferability and seamless transition between degrees. The drawback of online consortia (until now) was that they required a student to use multiple admission, registration, advising, and payment systems in order to take advantage of their generally more comprehensive and affordable offerings. Edlearn solves this problem in two ways. First, all of the co-matriculating colleges use the same online application, placement testing, registration and payment system. Second, the Â?concierge advisorÂ? provides a single point of contact for online students. They ask their questions, the concierge then accesses the member colleges to get answers, and relays this consolidated response to the student.

The Edlearn Consortium also resolves a major dilemma for its members shared by many colleges. The high cost of developing distance learning programs has hindered schools who cannot develop a comprehensive enough set of offerings to effectively market them unless they were able to charge an extremely high tuition rates. State college funding formulae did not envision distance learning programs serving Â?out of stateÂ? students, so public schools typically run their online operations as Â?self supportingÂ? (without state subsidies). Public colleges also do not have large marketing resources since their traditional mission typically orients them to local markets. This puts them at a disadvantage relative to for-profit education providers, many of whom are not accredited. Edlearn allow member colleges to pool both their curricular resources and their marketing funds to compete for online students.

Editorial Information:

Dean Kempter

Executive Director, Edlearn Consortium

C/O BCC North Campus

3000 Landerholm Circle SE

Bellevue, WA 98007

dkempter@bcc.ctc.edu

Admissions Information:

Gina Murray

Concierge Advisor

3201 Smith Ave, Ste 200

Everett, WA 98201

Gina.murray@universitycenters.info

(425) 259 8602

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Related AA Degree Requirements Washington Press Releases

Joyce Kilmer

Biography

Early years: 18861908

Kilmer was born December 6, 1886 in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the fourth and youngest child[a] of Annie Ellen Kilburn (18491932) and Dr. Frederick Barnett Kilmer (18511934), a physician and analytical chemist employed by the Johnson and Johnson Company and inventor of the company’s baby powder. Joyce was named Alfred Joyce Kilmer after Alfred R. Taylor, the curate; and the Rev. Dr. Elisha Brooks Joyce (18571926), the rector of Christ Church, the oldest Episcopal parish in New Brunswick, where the Kilmer family were parishioners. Rector Joyce, who served the parish from 1883 to 1916, baptised the young Kilmer. Kilmer’s birthplace in New Brunswick, where the Kilmer family lived from 1886 to 1892, is still standing, and houses a small museum to Kilmer, as well as a few Middlesex County government offices.

Kilmer entered the Rutgers College Grammar School (now Rutgers Preparatory School) in 1895 at the age of 8. During his years at the Grammar School, he….

“…won the Lane prize in public speaking and was editor-in-chief of the Argo, the school paper. He loved the classics, although he had considerable difficulty with Greek. In his last year at Rutgers, he won the first Lane Classical Prize, a free scholarship for the academic course at Rutgers College, and one hundred dollars in money. Despite his difficulties with mathematics and Greek, he stood at the head of his class in preparatory school.”

After graduating from the Rutgers College Grammar School in 1904, he continued his education at Rutgers College from 1904 to 1906. At Rutgers, Kilmer was associate editor of the Targum, the campus newspaper and a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. Unable to complete the rigorous mathematics requirement in the curriculum at Rutgers, facing a repeat of his sophomore year and under pressure from his mother, Kilmer transferred to Columbia College of Columbia University in New York City.

At Columbia, Kilmer was vice-president of the Philolexian Society, associate editor of Columbia Spectator, the campus newspaper, and was a member of the Debating Union. He completed his Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) degree and was graduated from Columbia on May 23, 1908. Shortly after graduation, on June 9, 1908, he married Aline Murray (18881941), a fellow poet to whom he had been engaged since his sophomore year at Rutgers. The Kilmers had five children: Kenton Sinclair Kilmer (19091995), Michael Barry Kilmer (19161927), Deborah (“Sister Michael”) Clanton Kilmer (19141999) who was a Catholic nun at the Saint Benedict Monastery, Rose Kilburn Kilmer (19121917), and Christopher Kilmer (19171984).

Years of writing and faith: 19091917

Shortly after his marriage and graduation from Columbia, Kilmer sought teaching positions. In the autumn of 1908, he obtained a position teaching Latin at Morristown High School in Morristown, New Jersey, and finding that teaching did not demand much of his time, he found considerable time to dedicate to writing. At this time, he submitted essays to Red Cross Notes (including his first published piece, an essay on the “Psychology of Advertising”) and poems to Moods, Smart Set, The Sun, The Pathfinder and The Bang. In addition to all this, he wrote book reviews for The Literary Digest, Town & Country, The Nation, and The New York Times. By June 1909, Kilmer had abandoned any aspirations to continue teaching and relocated to New York City, the literary and publishing mecca of the United States, deciding to focus solely on a career as a writer.

From 19091912, Kilmer was employed by Funk and Wagnalls, which was preparing an edition of The Standard Dictionary. According to Hillis,

“[Kilmer's] job was to define ordinary words assigned to him at five cents for each word defined. This was a job at which one would ordinarily earn ten to twelve dollars a week, but Kilmer attacked the task with such vigor and speed that it was soon thought wisest to put him on a regular salary.”

Shortly after the publication of The Standard Dictionary in 1912, Kilmer became a special writer for the New York Times Review of Books and the New York Times Sunday Magazine and was often engaged in lecturing. Kilmer and his family then moved to Mahwah, New Jersey, where he resided until his service and death in World War I. Kilmer at this time was established as a published poet, and as a popular lecturer. According to Robert Holliday, Kilmer “frequently neglected to make any preparation for his speeches, not even choosing a subject until the beginning of the dinner which was to culminate in a specimen of his oratory. His constant research for the dictionary, and, later on, for his New York Times articles, must have given him a store of knowledge at his fingertips to be produced at a moment’s notice for these emergencies.”

Joyce Kilmer circa 19101915

In 1911, Kilmer’s first book of verse, entitled Summer of Love was published. Kilmer would later write that “…some of the poems in it, those inspired by genuine love, are not things of which to be ashamed, and you, understanding, would not be offended by the others.”

The Kilmers’ daughter Rose (19121917) was stricken with Poliomyelitis (also known as infantile paralysis) shortly after birth. The Kilmers turned to their religious faith, and in correspondence between Joyce Kilmer and Father James J. Daly, Joyce and Aline began a conversion to Catholicism into which they were received in 1913. In one of these letters, Kilmer writes:

“Of course you understand my conversion. I am beginning to understand it. I believed in the Catholic position, the Catholic view of ethics and aesthetics, for a long time. But I wanted something not intellectual, some conviction not mental – in fact I wanted Faith.

“Just off Broadway, on the way from the Hudson Tube Station to the Times Building, there is a Church, called the Church of the Holy Innocents. Since it is in the heart of the Tenderloin, this name is strangely appropriate – for there surely is need of youth and innocence. Well, every morning for months I stopped on my way to the office and prayed in this Church for faith. When faith did come, it came, I think, by way of my little paralyzed daughter. Her lifeless hands led me; I think her tiny feet know beautiful paths. You understand this and it gives me a selfish pleasure to write it down.”

The year 1913 approached Kilmer in trials of suffering and faith but also in success. With the publication of “Trees” in the magazine Poetry, Kilmer gained immense popularity as a poet across the United States. At this time his popularity and success as a lecturer, particularly one seeking to reach a Catholic audience, led Robert Holliday to write: “It is not an unsupported assertion to say that he was in his time and place the laureate of the Catholic Church.” Trees and Other Poems (1914) was published the following year. The next few years saw an immense output of work, with Kilmer continuing his lecturing, his literary criticism and essays, writing poetry, and finding the time in 1915 to become poetry editor of Current Literature and contributing editor of Warner’s Library of the World’s Best Literature. After the publication of The Circus and Other Essays in 1916, the following year would see the publication of three books, Literature in the Making, Main Street and Other Poems, and Dreams and Images: An Anthology of Catholic Poets.

War years: 19171918

Within a few days after the United States declared war on Germany and entered the first World War in April 1917, Kilmer enlisted in the Seventh Regiment of the New York National Guard. In August, Kilmer was initially assigned as a statistician with the U.S. 69th Infantry Regiment (better known as the “Fighting 69th” and later redesignated the 165th Infantry Regiment), of the 42nd “Rainbow” Division, and quickly rose to the rank of Sergeant. Though he was eligible for commission as an officer and often recommended for such posts during the course of the war, Kilmer refused stating that he would rather be a sergeant in the Fighting 69th than an officer in any other regiment.

In September, before Kilmer was deployed, the Kilmer family was met with both the contrary emotions of tragedy and rejoicing. The Kilmer’s daughter Rose had died, and twelve days later, their son Christopher was born. Kilmer sailed to Europe with his regiment on October 31, 1917, arriving in France two weeks later. Before his departure, Kilmer had contracted with publishers to write a book about the war, deciding upon the title Here and There with the Fighting Sixty-Ninth. Kilmer wrote home, stating “I have not written anything in prose or verse since I got here – except statistics – but I’ve stored up a lot of memories to turn into copy when I get a chance.” Unfortunately, Kilmer never was to write such a book. During his time in Europe, Kilmer did write prose sketches and poetry, most notably the poem “Rouge Bouquet”, which was written after the First Battalion of the 42nd Division, which had been occupying the Rouge Bouquet forest northeast of the French village of Baccarat, which at the time was a quiet sector of the frontas struck by a heavy artillery bombardment on the afternoon of March 12, 1918 that buried 21 men of the unit, of which 14 remained entombed.

Kilmer sought more hazardous duty and was transferred to the Regimental Intelligence Section, in April 1918. He wrote to his wife, Aline that, “Now I’m doing work I love – and work you may be proud of. None of the drudgery of soldiering, but a double share of glory and thrills.” According to Hillis:

“Kilmer’s companions wrote: “He was worshipped by the men about him. I have heard them speak with awe of his coolness and his nerve in scouting patrols in No Man’s Land. This coolness and his habit of choosing, with typical enthusiasm, the most dangerous and difficult missions, led to his death.”

During the Second Battle of Marne, there was heavy fighting throughout the last days of July 1918, and on July 30, 1918, Kilmer volunteered to accompany Major William “Wild Bill” Donovan when Donovan’s First Battalion was sent to lead the day’s attack.

Death and burial

During the course of the day, Kilmer led a scouting party to find the position of a German machine gun. When his comrades found him, some time later, they thought at first that he was peering over the edge of a little hill, where he had crawled for a better view. When he did not answer their call, they ran to him and found him dead. According to Father Duffy: bullet had pierced his brain. His body was carried in and buried by the side of Ames. God rest his dear and gallant soul.30] Kilmer died, likely immediately, from a sniper’s bullet to the head near Muercy Farm, beside the Oureq River near the village of Seringes, in France, on July 30, 1918 at the age of 31. For his valor, Kilmer was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre (Cross of War) by the French Republic.

Kilmer was buried in the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial, near Fere-en-Tardenois, Aisne, Picardy, France. Although Kilmer is buried in France in an American military cemetery, a cenotaph is located on the Kilmer family plot in Elmwood Cemetery, in New Brunswick, New Jersey. A memorial service was held at St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Manhattan.

“Trees”

Though a prolific poet, Joyce Kilmer is chiefly known for his poem, “Trees”, published in the 1914 collection, Trees and Other Poems (see 1914 in poetry), after it first appeared in Poetry magazine in August 1913. Kilmer wrote “Trees” on February 2, 1913, at his home in Mahwah, New Jersey. The poem was dedicated to Mrs. Henry Mills Alden (Ada Foster Murray Alden), his wife’s mother and a poet in her own right. Other sources, which state it was written in Chicago, are unsubstantiated. “Trees” has been given several musical settings that were quite popular in the 1940s and 1950s, the most popular written by Oscar Rasbach in 1922, with renditions performed by Ernestine Schumann-Heink, John Charles Thomas, Nelson Eddy, Robert Merrill and Paul Robeson.

The text stated below is the original written by Kilmer.

I think that I shall never see

A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest

Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all day,

And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in summer wear

A nest of robins in her hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has lain;

Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me,

But only God can make a tree.

There have been several variations on the text, including many parody texts substituted to mimic Kilmer’s seemingly simple rhyme and meter, and questioning the poem’s choice of metaphors. Of the often repeated parodies, one of the most known is “Song of the Open Road” by Ogden Nash (19021971):

I think that I shall never see

A billboard lovely as a tree.

Indeed, unless the billboards fall,

I’ll never see a tree at all.

In the Our Gang short “Arbor Day,” Alfalfa, after the cue in a Woodsman-spare-that-tree exchange with Spanky, sings “Trees,” in what Leonard Maltin called “the poem’s all-time worst rendition,” with his whiny, strained voice.

In his album Caught in the Act, Victor Borge, at one point, when playing requests, says, “Sorry I don’t know that ‘Doggie in the Window’. I know one that comes pretty close to it.” Then he starts to play “Trees.”

“Trees” was popularised in 1948 by the eponym segment of Melody Time an animated feature produced by Walt Disney and also in the 1980 film Superman II, which was filmed by two different directors, Richard Donner in 1977 and Richard Lester in 1979. Donner’s original version, belatedly released in 2006, has Marlon Brando reading Kilmer’s poem. These scenes had been shot in April 1977. Lester had an unknown British actor reprise Brando’s role in July 1979, and it is that actor who appears in the original 1980 theatrical release.

Inspiration

According to Kilmer’s son, Kenton, the poemhich was not inspired by any specific tree but about trees in generalas written “…in an upstairs bedroom… which served as Mother’s and Dad’s bedroom and also as Dad’s office…. The window looked out down a hill, on our well-wooded lawn – trees of many kinds, from mature trees to thin saplings: oaks, maples, black and white birches, and I do not know what else.” However, a 1915 interview with Kilmer “pointed out that while Kilmer might be widely known for his affection for trees, his affection was certainly not sentimental – the most distinguished feature of Kilmer’s property was a colossal woodpile outside his home. The house stood in the middle of a forest and what lawn it possessed was obtained only after Kilmer had spent months of weekend toil in chopping down trees, pulling up stumps, and splitting logs. Kilmer’s neighbors had difficulty in believing that a man who could do that could also be a poet.”

Many locations across the United States maintain legends that certain trees in their localities inspired Kilmer to write the poem. Most noted among them is the tradition in Kilmer’s birthplace, New Brunswick, New Jersey, which states that Kilmer wrote the poem “Trees” after a large white oak (Quercus alba) tree that was located on the outskirts of town on the campus of Cook College (now known as the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences), at Rutgers University. This tree, estimated to be over three hundred years old, was so weakened by age and disease that it had to be removed in 1963. Currently, saplings from acorns of the historic tree are being grown at the site, throughout the Middlesex County area, and in major arboretums around the United States. The remains of the original Kilmer Oak are currently kept in storage at Rutgers University.

Guy Davenport suggests quite a different inspiration. “Trees were favorite symbols for Yeats, Frost, and even the young Pound. [ . . . ] But Kilmer had been reading about trees in another context[,] the movement to stop child labor and set up nursery schools in slums. [ . . . ] Margaret McMillan . . . had the happy idea that a breath of fresh air and an intimate acquaintance with grass and trees were worth all the pencils and desks in the whole school system. [ . . . ] The English word for gymnasium equipment is ‘apparatus.’ And in her book Labour and Childhood (1907) you will find this sentence: ‘Apparatus can be made by fools, but only God can make a tree.’”

Scansion and analysis

His poem “Trees” has twelve lines of eight syllables in strict iambic tetrameter. The poem’s rhyme scheme is rhyming couplets rendered aa bb cc dd ee aa.

Despite its deceptive simplicity in rhyme and meter, “Trees” is notable for its use of personification and anthropomorphic imagery: the tree of the poem, which Kilmer depicts as female, is depicted as pressing its mouth to the Earth’s breast, looking at God, and raising its “leafy arms” to pray. The tree of the poem also has human physical attributes it has a “hungry mouth”, arms, hair (in which Robins nest), and a bosom.

Criticism and influence

Joyce Kilmer’s reputation as a poet is staked largely on the widespread popularity of one poem, namely “Trees”. His untimely death removed from him the opportunity to develop into a more mature poet. Because “Trees” is often dismissed by modern critics and scholars as simple verse, much of Kilmer’s work, especially his literary criticism, has slipped into obscurity. Only a very few of his poems have appeared in anthologies, and with the exception of “Trees” and to a much lesser extent “Rouge Bouquet”, almost none have obtained lasting widespread popularity.

The entire corpus of Kilmer’s work appears in the early years of the modernist movement, especially before the influence of the Lost Generation. In the years after Kilmer’s death, poetry went in new directions, as is seen especially in the work of T. S. Eliot (18881965) and Ezra Pound. The years in which Kilmer was writing, and the conservatism and traditional style he used, were the last of the Romantic era. Kilmer’s poetry is often criticized for failing to break free of traditional modes, rhyme and meter, or themes, and for being too sentimental to be taken seriously.

Kilmer’s early works were inspired by, and were imitative of, the poetry of Algernon Charles Swinburne, Ernest Dowson, Aubrey Beardsley, and William Butler Yeats. It was later through the influence of works by Coventry Patmore, Francis Thompson, and those of Alice Meynell and her children Viola Meynell and Francis Meynell, that Kilmer seems to have become interested in Catholicism. Kilmer wrote of his influences:

“I have come to regard them with intense admiration. Patmore seems to me to be a greater poet than Francis Thompson. He has not the rich vocabulary, the decorative erudition, the Shelleyan enthusiasm, which distinguish the ‘Sister Songs’ and the ‘Hound of Heaven,’ but he has a classical simplicity, a restraint and sincerity which make his poems satisfying.”

Because he was initially raised Episcopalian (or Anglican), Kilmer became literary editor of the Anglican weekly, The Churchman, before his conversion to Catholicism. During this time he did considerable research into 16th and 17th century Anglican poets as well as metaphysical, or mystic poets of that time, including George Herbert, Thomas Traherne, Robert Herrick, Bishop Coxe, and Robert Stephen Hawker, the Vicar of Morwenstow, the latter whom he referred to as “a coast life-guard in a cassock.” These poets also had an influence on Kilmer’s writings.

Critics compared Kilmer to British Catholic writers Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton, suggesting that his reputation might have risen to the level where he would have been considered their American counterpart if not for his untimely death.

Honors and awards

Dedication plaque in the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest.

Several municipalities across the United States have named parks, schools, streets and squares in honor of Joyce Kilmer, including his hometown of New Brunswick, New Jersey, which renamed Codwise Avenue, the street on which he was born, “Joyce Kilmer Avenue”. In 2007, the city also hosted a Kilmer conference.

The Fighting 69th

In the 1940 film, The Fighting 69th directed by William Keighley and starring James Cagney, Kilmer is depicted as a minor character played by actor Jeffrey Lynn (19091995).

Camp Kilmer

Camp Kilmer, opened in 1942 in what is now Edison, New Jersey, an embarkation center for soldiers going to the European theatre during World War II. Many of the original buildings remain, and it is now the location of the Livingston campus of Rutgers University where a library is named after him.

Joyce Kilmer Park

Joyce Kilmer Park, is located along the Grand Concourse in the Bronx. The park is located very close to Yankee Stadium.

Joyce Kilmer Square

Joyce Kilmer Square, is located along both Kings Hwy. and Quentin Road at East 12th Street in Brooklyn. It is under the jurisdiction of the city Department of Parks and Recreation, and features a flapole, benches and a memorial to Kilmer.

Joyce Kilmer Middle School

Joyce Kilmer Middle School, located in Fairfax County, Virginia, is named after him.

Joyce Kilmer Memorial Fireplace

Joyce Kilmer Memorial Fireplace – The large stone fireplace was erected in Como Park in St. Paul, MN in 1936 in memory of Kilmer. Today the fireplace is in a state of disrepair and a nearby sunken pool with miniature waterfalls, also named for Kilmer, no longer exists. Kilmer was honored by St. Paul Parks Superintendent W. Lamont Kauffman, who was a charter member of the Joyce Kilmer post of the American Legion.

Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest

The Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest (17,394 acres/15 km) located in the Nantahala National Forest, near Robbinsville in Graham County, North Carolina was dedicated in Kilmer’s memory on July 10, 1936.

Kilmer Rest Area

The state of New Jersey and the New Jersey Turnpike Authority have named a rest area on the New Jersey Turnpike, located in East Brunswick Township after him.

Joyce Kilmer Elementary School

The town of Mahwah, New Jersey, which was Kilmer’s home from about 1913 to the end of his life, has a school named after him, the Joyce Kilmer Elementary School. Nobody’s Inn, a bar and grill at 150 Franklin Turnpike in Mahwah (next to the Erie-Lackawanna railroad tracks a few hundred yards from the border of Suffern, New York), which closed in 2002, was widely believed to occupy the house that inspired Kilmer’s poem, “The House with Nobody In It.” The poem begins, “Whenever I walk to Suffern along the Erie track / I go by a poor old farmhouse with its shingles broken and black.”

A Joyce Kilmer Elementary School is located in Trenton, New Jersey, as a part of the Trenton Public Schools district, and in the Borough of Milltown, New Jersey.

Joyce Kilmer Elementary School, opened in 1966, is in Buffalo Grove, Illinois. It is part of Community Consolidated School District No. 21 in Wheeling Township, Illinois. It feeds James Fenimore Cooper Middle School, also in Buffalo Grove.

Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest

The Philolexian Society of Columbia University, a collegiate literary society of which Kilmer was vice president, holds the annual Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest in his honor.

Works

Summer of Love. (New York: Baker and Taylor, 1911).

Trees and Other Poems. (New York: Doubleday Doran and Co., 1914).

The Circus and Other Essays. (New York: Lawrence J. Gomme, 1916).

Main Street and Other Poems. (New York: George H. Doran, 1917).

The Courage of Enlightenment. An address delivered in Campion College, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, to the members of the graduating class, 15 June 1917. (Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin: 1917).

Dreams and Images: An Anthology of Catholic Poets. (ed. by Joyce Kilmer). (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1917).

Literature in the Making by some of its Makers. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917).

Poems, Essays and Letters in Two Volumes. Robert Cortes Holliday (ed.). (Volume One: Memoir and Poems, Volume Two: Prose Works) (New York: George H. Doran, 1918 – published posthumously).

The Circus and Other Essays and Fugitive Pieces. (New York: George H. Doran, 1921 – published posthumously).

Notes

a Though Joyce was the fourth and youngest child in his family, two of his siblings, Ellen Annie Kilmer (18751876) and Charles Willoughby Kilmer (1880), died before his birth, while his oldest brother, Anda Frederick Kilmer (18731899), died when Joyce was thirteen years old, most likely a suicide in a Philadelphia hotel.

US Navy Hospital Corpsman John E. Kilmer, a recipent of the Medal of Honor in Korea is a distant relative of Joyce Kilmer.

References

Specific

^ Hillis, John. Joyce Kilmer: A Bio-Bibliography. Master of Science (Library Science) Thesis. Catholic University of America. (Washington, DC: 1962), 27.

^ Mencken, H. L. The American Mercury. Volume XIII, No. 49. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, January 1928), 33.

^ Maynard, Theodore. A book of modern Catholic verse. (New York: Henry Holt, 1925), 1617.

^ “Mrs. F. B. Kilmer Dead; Mother of War Poet. Wrote of Memories of Her Son Who Was Killed in France in 1918. Was Native of Albany.”. New York Times. January 2, 1932, Saturday. 

^ Certificate of Birth for Alfred Joyce Kilmer, December 6, 1886, on microfilm at the Archives of the State of New Jersey, 225 West State Street, Trenton, New Jersey.

^ a b c Joyce Kilmer: FAQ and Fancies, website published by Miriam A. Kilmer, with Kilmer genealogical information. Retrieved 26 December 2006.

^ For Dr. Kilmer as the inventor of Johnson & Johnson Baby Powder, see: “Famous Tree Poem originates at U.” by Annie Reuter, from The Daily Targum 12 October 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2006.

^ Richard G. Durnin; Joyce Kilmer and New Brunswick, New Jersey; Middlesex County Cultural and Heritage Commission (1993)

^ List of Missionaries and Rectors – Christ Church in New Brunswick, NJ, published by Christ Church (Episcopal), New Brunswick, New Jersey (no further authorship information available). Retrieved 17 August 2006.

^ Baptismal Records for Christ Church, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

^ “Historic New Brunswick”. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20070310054802/http://www.newbrunswick.com/historic.asp. , published by New Brunswick City Market, (no further authorship information given) accessed 17 August 2006.

^ Hillis, op. cit., 9.

^ Hillis, op. cit., 10.

^ a b Hillis, op. cit., 11.

^ Certificate of Marriage for Aline Murray and Alfred Joyce Kilmer, 9 June 1908, on microfilm at the Archives of the State of New Jersey, 225 West State Street, Trenton, New Jersey.

^ Saint Benedict’s

^ Hillis, op. cit., 13.

^ Hillis, op. cit., 14.

^ a b Holliday, Robert Cortes (ed.). “Memoir” in Joyce Kilmer: Poems, Essays and Letters. 2 volumes. (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1918), 1:24.; Hillis, op. cit., 21

^ Hillis, op. cit., 18

^ Letter from Joyce Kilmer to Father James J. Daly, January 9, 1914, in Holliday, Robert Cortes (ed.) and Kilmer, Joyce. Poems, Essays and Letters in Two Volumes. (New York: George H. Doran, 1918 – published posthumously).

^ Daly, James Jeremiah. “Some letters of Joyce Kilmer.” in his A Cheerful Ascetic, and other essays. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Bruce, 1931), 76-86.

^ Hillis, op. cit., 35.

^ Hillis, op. cit., 32.

^ Letter from Joyce Kilmer to Aline Kilmer, 24 November 1917.

^ World War I Diary of Joseph J. Jones Sr., published at website “One Jones Family” by Joseph J. Jones III. Retrieved 27 December 2006.

^ The History of the Fighting 69th: Rouge Bouquet (no further authorship information given). Retrieved 27 December 2006.

^ Duffy, Francis Patrick. Father Duffy Story. (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1919), 350.

^ a b Hillis, op. cit., 36.

^ Duffy, op. cit., 193.

^ “Joyce Kilmer Slain On The West Front; Former Member Of Times Staff Had Won Sergeantcy In The 165th Of Infantry. His Writings Well Known Author Was Rutgers And Columbia Graduate–Several Veterans Of The 69th Killed. His Lusitania Poem. Fought At The Marne. Veteran Of 69th Killed. Lieut. Harwood ‘Doing Fine.’ Parents Receive Letter Written After Date Of Reported Death.”. New York Times. August 18, 1918, Sunday. “Sergeant Joyce Kilmer of the 165th Infantry of the Rainbow Division, who was one of the 147 members of the staff of The New York Times to enter the service of his country, has been killed in France. He was 31 years old.” 

^ “Joyce Kilmer cited for French War Cross.”. New York Times. January 2, 1919. 

^ “Mass for Joyce Kilmer. Memorial Service at St. Patrick’s Cathedral Tomorrow Morning.”. New York Times. October 13, 1918, Sunday. “Plans have been completed for the solemn memorial mass for Joyce Kilmer, poet and journalist, who was killed on July 30 at the battle of the Oureq. The mass, which is held under the auspices of the Joyce Kilmer Memorial …” 

^ Joyce Kilmer (1886-1918) – Author of Trees and Other Poems, website published by Miriam A. Kilmer, which cites Kilmer, Kenton. Memories of my Father, Joyce Kilmer (Joyce Kilmer Centennial, 1993) ISBN 978-0963752406. Retrieved 25 December 2006.

^ Full text of poem and dedication. Accessed 2 September 2007.

^ “Mrs. Henry Alden, Writer, dies at 70. Was Widow of Editor of Harper’s. Won National Award at 76. Published at 15. Poem, ‘Trees,’ Was Dedicated to her by Author, Joyce Kilmer, Her Son-in-Law.”. New York Times. April 12, 1936. 

^ An “interpretive travesty” of the poem

^ Nash, Ogden. “Song of the Open Road” first published in Argosy. Vol. 12 No. 8. (July 1951), 63.

^ Joyce Kilmer (1886 – 1918) – Author of Trees and Other Poems, website published by Miriam A. Kilmer, which cites Kilmer, Kenton. Memories of my Father, Joyce Kilmer (Joyce Kilmer Centennial, 1993) ISBN 978-0963752406. Retrieved 25 December 2006.

^ Hillis, op. cit., 28.

^ What a Difference a Tree Makes citing Lax, Roer and Smith, Frederick. The Great Song Thesaurus. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). ISBN 0195054083. Retrieved 25 December 2006.

^ The New York Times, September 19, 1963. Of note, in an article reporting the demise of the “Kilmer Oak” is a quote that “Rutgers said it could not prove that Kilmer…had been inspired by the oak.” which further confirms this attribution is unsubstantiated and its dissemination within the realm of rumor and urban (or in this case, provincial) legend.

^ Kilmer Oak Tree, Highland Park (NJ) Environmental Commission (no further authorship information given). Retrieved 26 December 2006.

^ Press Release: “Cook Student Named New Jersey Cooperative Education and Internship Association Student of the Year” (Press Release: 13 June 2006), published by Cook College, Rutgers University and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, no further authorship information given. Retrieved 26 December 2006.

^ Davenport, Guy. “Trees”, in The Geography of the Imagination. (The Akadine Press, 1997). ISBN 1-888173-33-5. 177-9

^ Dunnings, Stephen. “Scripting: A Way of Talking” in The English Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6 (September, 1974), 32-40, passim.

^ Boyle, Frederick H. “Eighth Graders Discover Poetry” in The English Journal, Vol. 46, No. 8 (November, 1957), 506-507.

^ Hillis, op. cit., 26, 40.

^ Aiken, Conrad Potter. onfectionary and caviar: Edward Bliss Reed, John Cowper Powys, Joyce Kilmer, Theodosia Garrison, William Carlos Williams, in Scepticisms. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1919), 178-86.

^ a b c Hillis, op. cit., 19.

^ Campbell, Pearl H. “Kilmer, late laureate of the Catholic Church” in Magnificat. Volume 64. (June 1939), 78-82

^ Connolly, Helen. “Kilmer the essayist” in Magnificat. Volume 76. (July 1945), 128-31

^ Mappen, Marc. The Encyclopedia of New Jersey (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2004), 117.

^ Kilmer Rest Area – New Jersey Turnpike published by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority (no further authorship information available). Retrieved January 13, 2007.

^ The Philolexian Society at the Philolexian Foundation website. Published by the Philolexian Foundation (no further authorship information available). Retrieved 13 January 2007.

Books and printed materials

Aiken, Conrad Potter. onfectionary and caviar: Edward Bliss Reed, John Cowper Powys, Joyce Kilmer, Theodosia Garrison, William Carlos Williams, in Scepticisms. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1919). NO ISBN. (Pre-1964)

Boyle, Frederick H. “Eighth Graders Discover Poetry” in The English Journal, Vol. 46, No. 8 (November, 1957), 506-507.

Campbell, Pearl H. “Kilmer, late laureate of the Catholic Church” in Magnificat. Volume 64. (June 1939), 78-82

Cargas, Harry J. I lay down my life: A Biography of Joyce Kilmer (Boston, Massachusetts: Daughters of Saint Paul Editions, 1964). NO ISBN (pre-1964)

Connolly, Helen. “Kilmer the essayist” in MagnificaAlfred Joyce Kilmer (December 6, 1886 July 30, 1918) was an American journalist, poet, literary critic, lecturer and editor. Though a prolific poet whose works celebrated the common beauty of the natural world as well as his religious faith, Kilmer is remembered most for a poem entitled Trees (1913), which was published in the collection Trees and Other Poems in 1914. While most of his works are unknown, a select few of his poems remain popular and are published frequently in anthologies. Several critics, both Kilmer’s contemporaries and modern scholars, disparaged Kilmer’s work as being too simple, overly sentimental, and that his style was far too traditional, even archaic.

At the time of his deployment to Europe during the first World War (19141918), Kilmer was considered the leading American Catholic poet and lecturer of his generation, whom critics often compared to British contemporaries G. K. Chesterton (18741936) and Hilaire Belloc (18701953). A sergeant in the 165th U.S. Infantry Regiment, Kilmer was killed at the Second Battle of Marne in 1918 at the age of 31.

t. Volume 76. (July 1945), 128-31.

Covell, John E. Joyce Kilmer: A Literary Biography. (Brunswick, Georgia: Write-Fit Communications, 2000). ISBN 978-0615111759

Daly, James Jeremiah. A Cheerful Ascetic, and other essays. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Bruce, 1931). NO ISBN (Pre-1964).

Duffy, Francis Patrick. Father Duffy Story. (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1919). NO ISBN (Pre-1964).

Dunnings, Stephen. “Scripting: A Way of Talking” in The English Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6 (September, 1974), 32-40, passim.

Hillis, John. Joyce Kilmer: A Bio-Bibliography. Master of Science (Library Science) Thesis. Catholic University of America. (Washington, DC: 1962). NO ISBN.

Holliday, Robert Cortes (ed.). emoir, in Joyce Kilmer: Poems, Essays and Letters, 2 volumes. (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1918), 1:17ff. NO ISBN (Pre-1964).

Kilmer, Annie Kilburn. Whimsies, More Whimsies. (New York: Frye Publishing Co., 1929). NO ISBN (Pre-1964).

Kilmer, Annie Kilburn. Memories of My Son, Sergeant Joyce Kilmer. (New York: Brentano’s, 1920). NO ISBN (Pre-1964).

Kilmer, Annie Kilburn. Leaves of My Life. (New York: Frye Publishing Co., 1925). NO ISBN (Pre-1964).

Kilmer, Kenton. Memories of my Father, Joyce Kilmer (Joyce Kilmer Centennial, 1993). ISBN 978-0963752406

Lax, Roer and Smith, Frederick. The Great Song Thesaurus. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). ISBN 0195054083

Mencken, H. L. The American Mercury. Volume XIII, No. 49. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, January 1928). NO ISBN (pre-1964)

Maynard, Theodore. A book of modern Catholic verse. (New York: Henry Holt, 1925). NO ISBN (pre-1964)

Roberto, Brother C.S.C. Death Beneath the Trees: A Story of Joyce Kilmer (South Bend, Indiana: Dujarie Press (University of Notre Dame), 1967). NO ISBN (Privately published).

Smaridge, Norah. Pen and Bayonet: The Story of Joyce Kilmer. (Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Hawthorn Books, 1962). NO ISBN (Pre-1964).

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Joyce Kilmer

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Joyce Kilmer

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Joyce Kilmer

Tribute page at Rising Dove (a site by his granddaughter)

Tribute Page at the University of Notre Dame

A Tribute to Joyce Kilmer by a Kilmer biographer

Works by Joyce Kilmer at Project Gutenberg

Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest website

Philolexian Society of Columbia University

Findagrave: tombstone and cenotaph

Kilmer archive

Reelyredd’s Poetry Pages audio version of “Trees” (with James Stewart voice impression)

Joyce Kilmer/Campion College Collection

The Poems of Joyce Kilmer (1918)

Persondata

NAME

Alfred Joyce Kilmer

ALTERNATIVE NAMES

Joyce Kilmer

SHORT DESCRIPTION

American poet, editor, literary critic, soldier

DATE OF BIRTH

December 6, 1886

PLACE OF BIRTH

New Brunswick, New Jersey (United States)

DATE OF DEATH

July 30, 1918

PLACE OF DEATH

near Seringes, France

Categories: 1886 births | 1918 deaths | American poets | American military personnel killed in World War I | Catholic poets | American Roman Catholics | Columbia University alumni | Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism | Recipients of the Purple Heart medal | Writers from New Jersey | People from New Brunswick, New Jersey | Roman Catholic writers | Rutgers University alumni | United States Army soldiers | American World War I poets | Former university debaters | Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) | Deaths by firearm in France

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